Nanotechnology, which is pronounced “nanotec” in short, has played a wide and important role in various fields, including medical, industrial, agricultural, etc., what is nanotechnology, its technological history and its applications.
The concept of nanotechnology and nanoscience
Nanotechnology is the technology that deals with the study of material processing on the atomic and molecular scale, so it is called nanotechnology, and this technique is concerned with the invention of new techniques and instruments measured in nanometers, which is part of the thousandth of a micrometer, a fraction of a millionth of a millimeter. Nanotechnology usually deals with measurements between 0.1 and 100 nm; that is, it deals with atomic clusters ranging from five to one thousand atoms.
Nanoscience is one of the fields of material science. This science relates to physics, mechanical engineering, bioengineering, and chemical engineering. These sciences constitute multiple branches and disciplines within this science, all related to the study of the properties of matter at this small level.
History of nanotics
The term nanotechnology was introduced by Japanese researcher Norio Taniguchi when he tried to express the means and methods of manufacturing and operation of mechanical and electrical elements with high precision in 1974. The gateway to the world of atoms was opened in 1982 by Swiss researchers Gerd Benning And Heinrich Rürer, where they developed the most accurate microscope for the control of atoms and the possibility of impact and displacement, and after their four-year joint in 1986, they won the Nobel Prize.
In 1991, Japanese researcher Sumio Ligima discovered nanotubes consisting only of a network of carbon atoms. In comparison, tensile strength was obtained ten times higher than the tensile strength of the steel, more rigid and stable than diamonds.
Demand for nanotechnologies has increased; in 2001, global expenditure on the nanoscale was around 54 billion euros, and this figure is expected to quadruple by 2010.
Nanotechnology in various industries
Researchers have been able to introduce nano-silver into antibiotics, and the nanotechnology industry has entered into a range of commodities that use nanoparticles of aluminum, titanium and others, especially in cosmetics and anti-radiation ointments. These nanoparticles are molecules that block all UV rays and the ointment is transparent at the same time, and is used in some anti-spot clothing. Kraft, a food specialist, established last year a division of scientific research to produce programmed drinks.
In the automotive industry new methods and nanomaterials have been used in the fields of coating, packaging and insulation, contributing to the weight reduction of cars, increasing their hardness and thus reducing their fuel expenses, and there are many researches in the field of developing and manufacturing car wheels that will be compatible.
A program has been developed in the United States on behalf of the US Nanotechnology Initiative to coordinate multiple efforts in this new scientific field.
Applications in nanotechnology
Nanotechnology can make an atom-sized spacecraft that can sail through the human body for surgery and surgery without surgery. You can also make a car in the size of the insect and a plane in the size of the mosquito, and glass repellent to the dust and non-heat conductors and also the manufacture of fabrics that are not penetrated by water despite the ease of sweat out. In some recording programs, it is possible to make cells 200 times more powerful than blood cells. You can inject the human body with 10% of the blood in these cells so that it can run for 15 minutes without breathing.
Nanotechnology has opened new horizons in the field of medicine and surgery. There are many studies to develop nanoparticles, which can be sent to the body to identify and restore diseased cells, as well as to identify pathogens, treatments for incurable diseases and malignant tumors.
Using nanoparticles to blow up cancer cells, scientists at the American Memorial Cancer Center have developed microscopic micro-bombs that penetrate cancer cells and explode from within. The scientists, led by David Schoenberg, used nanotechnology to produce miniature bombs, and then used them to kill cancer cells in laboratory mice. Scientists worked to release radioactive atoms of Actinium 225, which were linked to a type of antibody from a molecular cage. The atoms penetrate the cancer cells, and then kill them.
It also turns out that the gold material loses its non-interactive properties when it is dispersed into nanoparticles. It turns into an interactive and stimulating material that interacts with the body of the cancerous cell, and it flashes inside it while not interacting with the healthy cell.
The minutes of gold nanoparticles to form a light layer on the body of the diseased cell to kill in minutes, while crumbling into healthy cells, and does not affect them in any way
He points out that minutes of nanoparticles recognize the cancer cells but do not see healthy cells.
The material (nano) gold absorbs the light of the laser, which sheds after reaching the infected cell, and turn it into the heat melts the cancer cell.