Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a compound protein found in red blood cells. It contains an iron molecule, which is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to all cells of the body. It also replaces oxygen with carbon dioxide, then carries carbon dioxide to the lungs. Hemoglobin in maintaining the normal shape of red blood cells. The normal proportions of hemoglobin vary from person to person, depending on age and gender, at birth, ranging from 13.5 to 24 g / dL. In children under 12 years of age, it is between 11.5 and 15. 5 g / deciliter, as for Female adult hemoglobin rate shall be between 12 and 16 g / dl, and adult males ranging between 13.6 and 17.7 g / dl.
Causes of hemoglobin deficiency
When hemoglobin is deficient, the proportion of this molecule in a patient’s blood is less than the minimum for its sex and age. It has anemia, and anemia is the most common blood disease in the world. One study indicates the suffering of approximately 3.5 million people in the United States American is one of the multiple types of anemia, as there are about 400 types of it, and the most important causes of hemoglobin deficiency and anemia are divided into three main sections as follows:
- Anemia caused by bleeding: It is associated with loss of red blood cells, and may get bleeding slowly and over a long period of time, so it is difficult to detect, and may occur such chronic bleeding due to several cases, most notably:
- Suffering from gastrointestinal diseases: such as gastric or duodenal ulcers, as well as badges, stomach lining inflammation, as well as cancer.
- NSAIDs are excessive: they contribute to ulcers and inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
- Menstrual cycle and birth in women, especially if the bleeding cycle is severe, or in the case of multiple loads.
- Anemia caused by a defect in the production of red blood cells: In this type, a small number of red blood cells are produced, or the cells produced are unable to function properly. This may be due to a deficiency in minerals or vitamins involved in the formation of red blood cells. The most common pathological causes of this type of anemia are as follows:
- Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease in which the red blood cells are crescent, thus breaking down easily. This causes anemia, as well as decreases the supply of oxygen cells in the body. In addition, .
- Iron deficiency anemia: The bone marrow responsible for the manufacture of red blood cells needs iron to make the hemoglobin molecule. This type of anemia is caused by a number of causes, such as iron-rich foods, , Frequent blood donation, or gastrointestinal diseases such as Crohn’s disease, which affects the intestines, excision of parts of the stomach or small intestine, as well as certain types of medicines, foods or beverages containing caffeine.
- Vitamin A deficiency is caused by vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency, which are necessary for making red blood cells. The most common pathogenesis of this type is malignant anemia, which causes vitamin B12 absorption imbalance, Or from a parasitic infection in the intestine, or when a part of the stomach or small intestine is removed. This type of anemia may be caused by a diet that does not contain meat rich in vitamin B12 or is lacking in folic acid-rich vegetables, M Hyperthyroidism, or the use of certain types of medications, as well as suffering from diseases in the intestines.
- Suffering from disorders of the bone marrow or stem cells: This weakens the body’s ability to produce sufficient amounts of red blood cells. Stem cells exist in the bone marrow and develop into mature red blood cells. If the production of these cells is reduced or disturbed, or replaced by cancerous cells, the patient becomes anemic. The most common cases of this type are so-called anemia, which The bone marrow’s ability to manufacture cells decreases, and patients suffer from a deficiency in all blood cells, and may occur either genetically, or when damage to the bone marrow is caused by infection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or certain medications, It is also caused by lead exposure Which is toxic to the bone marrow.
- There are also other causes of this type of anemia, such as advanced kidney disease, or thyroid deficiency, as well as suffering from chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, as well as aging.
- Anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells: This occurs when the red erythrocytes are fragile and can not withstand the normal pressure on the healthy cells. This occurs when suffering from genetic diseases such as thalassemia, sniffing or scorpions, or if the amount of toxins in the body increases as a result of liver and kidney diseases in advanced stages, As well as the incidence of autoimmune diseases, or when the installation of industrial valves of the heart or the incidence of severe burns or exposure to certain chemicals, in addition to suffering from spleen swelling.
People most susceptible to hemoglobin deficiency
Hemoglobin deficiency or anemia is a common disease and can affect everyone regardless of age, sex or ethnicity. Adult women are the most vulnerable due to blood loss in the menstrual cycle. The percentage of infection in pregnant women also increases as a result of blood changes, vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies. Newborns, especially those who are older or have more iron deficient milk Are prone to iron deficiency anemia. There are also several factors that increase the chance of anemia, such as iron deficiency, vitamins or minerals, as well as the loss of large quantities of blood; Trauma to a large wound, as well as suffering from chronic diseases such as diseases of the kidney, liver, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and the syndrome of HIV, heart disease, thyroid disease, in addition to having a family history of injury genetic diseases Kvqr sickle cell anemia or thalassemia.